记一次瞎逼折腾

dotcloud悄无声息的远去了。我收到让转移应用的邮件才知道公司已经破产。

就在几天前，往dotcloud上部署微信机器人时还饶有兴趣瞎折腾了一下。当时发在cnodejs上

昨天，看到dotcloud提供一个secure shell，忽然脑洞大开，我觉得又可以花式Tunnel了。

┌─[reverland@reverland-R478-R429] - [~] - [2016-01-23 11:55:29]
└─[0] <> export PATH=$PATH:$HOME/.local/bin
┌─[reverland@reverland-R478-R429] - [~] - [2016-01-23 11:55:34]
└─[0] <> dcapp wechat/default run bash
Connecting...
[wechat/default]:~$

好奇，我能不用dcapp直接连接吗？什么原理？

于是翻了翻下载到dotcloudng的源码，开源软件就是好啊就是好。看到里头有个ssh命令

cmd = ssh_cmd(host_name, 'delete-cache', deployment_name)

于是打印了一下，发现就是普通的ssh连接。于是抱着试试看的心理连了一次，还真可以。。

ssh -t -p 2222 -- wechat-default@sshforwarder.dotcloudapp.com TOKEN=t9Nd9ECasAgSD9UsYfcFwgysAF4bCL bash

翻翻源码没什么问题。但是，--是啥？，token又是啥？

--很快查到，为了防止bash解析后面的内容。但token呢？

env = 'TOKEN={token}'.format(token=self.api.get_token()['token'])

搜索了下没找到，cctrl引用了cclib，看到get_token

1	def get_token(self): """ We use get_token to get the token. """ return self._token

那又是哪里设置了token呢？一眼看到上面的set\_token。。。

def set_token(self, token):
        """
            We use set_token to set the token.
        """
        self._token = token

检查set_token是在api init的时候

看看Api类，就抱着试试看的心理用试验了下。。。然而401？

var getSshToken = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
  var req = https.request({
    method: 'POST',
    path: '/token/',
    hostname: 'api.dotcloudapp.com',
    headers: {
      'User-Agent': 'pycclib/1.6.2',
      'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
      'Content-length': 0,
    }
  }, (res)=> {
		resolve(res);
    }
  });

  req.end();
})

我在想要不要把mitmproxy打开看看呢。忽然在文件中赫然看到个DEBUG标志，于是打开，清晰看到几次请求。发现第一次请求是不带任何参数的，就是401，在header中返回了一个sshtoken。紧接着第二次请求。这次http header中Authorization中多了一些东西：

ccssh signature=rqsolg/L43mTokqnwVCgfGpCxxxxxxxxxxxxxvsdv6HxXiyXkmEAg6kKvOHSjFhCprq2AuDQbU2Z7DHUcryu9bVRmBQvNOd2xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx/92uN4C6aUkXqCmlp16G0VC2qqE/QrEuvO72OXeMC8tL4RrU3Qn7tRzablDo2sNaCXkXMcjMtqM+DpuzqbOHZnn7lEwynbCPOtRGaGYnVRQtxxxxxxxxxxxufi6oxomKGk/6ch8C7yjEE9hfbbqFcXBZQw==,fingerprint=c6:xx:92:8a:86:xx:6b:af:fe:xx:19:62:1b:xx:2b:f0,sshtoken=unBVe7F36pCfVhtZEmPCaT,email=xxx@linuxer.me

虽然公钥和数据签名也没什么影响，还是打上码= =

sshtoken是第一步在response header中www-authenticate中给的，其他的呢。

email很显然。。fingerprint，我自己的太熟悉了。。signature是啥？

看了下源码，发现是这个函数生成的signature

1	signature = sign_token(key_path, fingerprint, sshtoken)

数据签名函数简化如下，把错误处理去掉了，还懒得管缩进。

def sign_token(key_path, fingerprint, data):
    # from agent
    pkey = get_key_from_agent(fingerprint)
        # paramiko is inconsistent here in that the agent's key
        # returns Message objects for 'sign_ssh_data' whereas RSAKey
        # objects returns byte strings.
        # Workaround: cast both return values to string and build a
        # new Message object
        s = str(pkey.sign_ssh_data(data))
        m = Message(s)
        m.rewind()
       m.get_string() # == 'ssh-rsa':
        return base64.b64encode(m.get_string())

于是自己查看文档试验了一下，

┌─[reverland@reverland-R478-R429] - [~/tmp/dcwall] - [2016-01-23 01:05:51]
└─[0] <> ssh -v -t -p 2222 -- wechat-default@sshforwarder.dotcloudapp.com TOKEN=tv8NczygRPK6cgp78azgXyKKrX9KPN bash 
OpenSSH_6.6.1, OpenSSL 1.0.1f 6 Jan 2014
debug1: Reading configuration data /home/reverland/.ssh/config
debug1: Reading configuration data /etc/ssh/ssh_config
debug1: /etc/ssh/ssh_config line 19: Applying options for *
debug1: Connecting to sshforwarder.dotcloudapp.com [130.211.165.15] port 2222.
debug1: fd 3 clearing O_NONBLOCK
debug1: Connection established.
debug1: identity file /home/reverland/.ssh/id_rsa type 1
debug1: identity file /home/reverland/.ssh/id_rsa-cert type -1
debug1: identity file /home/reverland/.ssh/id_dsa type 2
debug1: identity file /home/reverland/.ssh/id_dsa-cert type -1
debug1: identity file /home/reverland/.ssh/id_ecdsa type -1
debug1: identity file /home/reverland/.ssh/id_ecdsa-cert type -1
debug1: identity file /home/reverland/.ssh/id_ed25519 type -1
debug1: identity file /home/reverland/.ssh/id_ed25519-cert type -1
debug1: Enabling compatibility mode for protocol 2.0
debug1: Local version string SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_6.6.1p1 Ubuntu-2ubuntu2.4
debug1: Remote protocol version 2.0, remote software version Twisted
debug1: no match: Twisted
debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT sent
debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT received
debug1: kex: server->client aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none
debug1: kex: client->server aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none
debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_REQUEST(1024<3072<8192) sent
debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_GROUP
debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_INIT sent
debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_REPLY
debug1: Server host key: RSA 5a:83:13:7c:d7:a1:cb:7c:ec:29:99:91:e4:bc:9d:01
debug1: Host '[sshforwarder.dotcloudapp.com]:2222' is known and matches the RSA host key.
debug1: Found key in /home/reverland/.ssh/known_hosts:3689
debug1: ssh_rsa_verify: signature correct
debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS sent
debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS
debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS received
debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_REQUEST sent
debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT received
debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey
debug1: Next authentication method: publickey
debug1: Offering DSA public key: /home/reverland/.ssh/id_dsa
debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey
debug1: Offering RSA public key: /home/reverland/.ssh/id_rsa
debug1: Server accepts key: pkalg ssh-rsa blen 279
debug1: Authentication succeeded (publickey).
Authenticated to sshforwarder.dotcloudapp.com ([130.211.165.15]:2222).
debug1: channel 0: new [client-session]
debug1: Entering interactive session.
debug1: Sending environment.
debug1: Sending env LC_IDENTIFICATION = zh_CN.UTF-8
debug1: Sending env LC_TIME = zh_CN.UTF-8
debug1: Sending env LC_NUMERIC = zh_CN.UTF-8
debug1: Sending env LC_PAPER = zh_CN.UTF-8
debug1: Sending env LC_MEASUREMENT = zh_CN.UTF-8
debug1: Sending env LC_ADDRESS = zh_CN.UTF-8
debug1: Sending env LC_MONETARY = zh_CN.UTF-8
debug1: Sending env LANG = en_US.UTF-8
debug1: Sending env LC_NAME = zh_CN.UTF-8
debug1: Sending env LC_TELEPHONE = zh_CN.UTF-8
debug1: Sending env LC_CTYPE = en_US.UTF-8
debug1: Sending command: TOKEN=tv8NczygRPK6cgp78azgXyKKrX9KPN bash
Connecting...
[wechat/default]:~$

想了想这个认证过程。

https请求服务器，得到sshtoken
用私钥给sshtoken的sha1哈希签名，连同公钥fingerprint，email，sshtoken一并发送给服务器
（这一步是我猜的）服务器验证fingerprint身份（之前dcuser时应该已经密码认证传过公钥，待验证），服务器使用客户公钥解密签名，将解密得到的哈希和sshtoken的sha1哈希进行对比，实现身份验证和sshtoken 验证。返回再下一步ssh连接时要传递的token
客户端ssh连接forward.dotcloudapp.com，认证通过后，服务器端需要检查Token的值来启动程序实例。为什么要检查呢？我猜，因为dotcloud免费用户控制只能运行一个Worker实例。。。

于是，自己实现了下这个过程。

var exec = require('child_process').exec;

var https = require('https');
var EMAIL = 'sa@linuxer.me';

var getSshToken = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
  var req = https.request({
    method: 'POST',
    path: '/token/',
    hostname: 'api.dotcloudapp.com',
    headers: {
      'User-Agent': 'pycclib/1.6.2',
      'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
      'Content-length': 0,
    }
  }, (res)=> {
    if ('www-authenticate' in res.headers) {
      //console.log(res.headers['www-authenticate']);
      var result = /sshtoken=(.+)$/mg.exec(res.headers['www-authenticate'])
      if (!result) {
        reject("fail to get ssh token");
      }
      var sshtoken = result[1];
      resolve(sshtoken);
    }
  });

  req.end();
})

function getAuth(sshtoken) {
  var p1 = getSignature(sshtoken);
  var p2 = getFingerPrint();
  var p3 = Promise.all([p1, p2]).then((k)=>{
    return new Promise((resolve, reject)=>{
      var authorization = 'ccssh ';
      authorization += ('signature=' + k[0] + ',');
      authorization += ('fingerprint=' + k[1] + ',');
      authorization += ('sshtoken=' + sshtoken + ',');
      authorization += ('email=' + EMAIL);
      console.log(authorization);
      resolve(authorization);
    });
  });
  return p3;
}

function getSignature(sshtoken) {
  return new Promise((resolve, reject)=>{
    var cmd = 'echo -ne "' + sshtoken + '" | openssl sha1 -binary | openssl pkeyutl -sign -inkey ~/.ssh/id_rsa -pkeyopt digest:sha1';
    //console.log(cmd);
    exec(cmd,
         // 以下两个参数非常重要
         {
           encoding: 'binary',
           shell: '/bin/bash',
         },
         (error, stdout, stderr) => {
           if (error) {
             reject(error);
           }
           // 注意要binary而不是utf8
           resolve(new Buffer(stdout, 'binary').toString('base64'));
         });
  });
}

function getFingerPrint() {
  return new Promise((resolve, reject)=>{
    exec('ssh-keygen -lf ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub', (error, stdout, stderr) => {
      if (error) {
        reject(error);
      }
      resolve(stdout.toString().split(' ')[1]);
    });
  });
}

function getToken(authorization){
  var p = new Promise((resolve, reject)=>{
    var req = https.request({
      method: 'POST',
      path: '/token/',
      hostname: 'api.dotcloudapp.com',
      headers: {
        'User-Agent': 'pycclib/1.6.2',
        'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
        'Content-length': 0,
        'Authorization': authorization,
      }
    }, (res)=> {
      if (res.statusCode != 200) {
        reject("fail to get token");
      }
      var data = '';
      res.on('data', (chunk)=>{
        data += chunk;
      });
      res.on('end', ()=>{
        resolve(data);
      })
    });

    req.end();
  });
  return p;
}

getSshToken.then(getAuth).then(getToken).then(console.log).catch(console.error);

一点也不顺利：

我用的v5.0.0，看了看文档里赫然写着stderror是Buffer好么

callback Function called with the output when process terminates

    error Error
    stdout Buffer
    stderr Buffer
`

然而实际上怎么是String…..是我理解不对么？

其次，echo在/bin/sh和/bin/bash中不是一回事，一个是内置命令，一个是单独程序。。。

再次，深刻体会到该binary的时候一定得binary，字符串在我这里只能utf-8。。再Buffer后完全不是之前的binary数据。被坑得半死不活。

最后，Cheers

[wechat/default]:~$ curl https://twitter.com | md5sum
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
100 70740  100 70740    0     0   219k      0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:--  262k
9f9f288dbfb5fbf379244ed9a75f7ebf  -

不过tunnel还是没成功，不过也不是为了tunnel不是。

总结

Just for fun！

学习下dotcloud的cli认证原理

不知道heroku是不是类似的认证方式

我要好好研究下ssh forward原理。